However, in displays structured such as Figure 1, in which a smaller region is wholly surrounded by a larger region, it is usually the former that appears as figure (although it may also be seen as a hole), and the latter as ground. Certain displays are bi-stable, in that what is perceived as figure can also be perceived as ground and vice-versa. Furthermore, the border separating the two segments is perceived as belonging to the figure rather than to the ground, and as delineating the figure's shape as its contour, whereas it is irrelevant to the shape of the ground. The areas of the figure and the ground usually do not appear juxtaposed in a common plane, as in a mosaic, but rather as stratified in depth: there is a tendency to see the figure as positioned in front, and the ground at a further depth plane and continuing to extend behind the figure, as if occluded by it. The figure has an object-like character, whereas the ground has less perceptual saliency and appears as 'mere' background. The two components are perceived as two segments of the visual field differing not only in color, but in some other phenomenal characteristics as well. This type of field organization has a number of remarkable features, first described in the work of Rubin (1915/1921), predating Wertheimer's publication. This figure-ground articulation may seem obvious, but it is not trivial. In such cases the visual field is perceived as articulated into two components, the figure (patch) on the ground (surround). A simple case of an inhomogeneous field is a display with a patch of one color surrounded by another color, as in Figure 1. If the visual field is homogeneous throughout, a situation labeled as Ganzfeld (German for 'whole field'), it has no consistent internal organization. For a modern textbook presentation, including more recent contributions, see Palmer (1999). The Gestalt principles were introduced in a seminal paper by Wertheimer (1923/1938), and were further developed by Köhler (1929), Koffka (1935), and Metzger (1936/2006 see review by Todorović, 2007). In visual perception, such forms are the regions of the visual field whose portions are perceived as grouped or joined together, and are thus segregated from the rest of the visual field. These principles mainly apply to vision, but there are also analogous aspects in auditory and somatosensory perception. Gestalt principles aim to formulate the regularities according to which the perceptual input is organized into unitary forms, also referred to as (sub)wholes, groups, groupings, or Gestalten (the plural form of Gestalt). Gestalt is a German word meaning 'shape' or 'form'. How do we accomplish such a remarkable perceptual achievement, given that the visual input is, in a sense, just a spatial distribution of variously colored individual points? The beginnings and the direction of an answer were provided by a group of researchers early in the twentieth century, known as Gestalt psychologists. When we look at the world, we usually perceive complex scenes composed of many groups of objects on some background, with the objects themselves consisting of parts, which may be composed of smaller parts, etc. Gestalt principles, or gestalt laws, are rules of the organization of perceptual scenes. Dejan Todorovic, Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Whether such groups survive further analysis depends critically on the featural content of the constituent elements.Prof. The data also show that to understand how the Gestalt principles operate it appears necessary to consider processes that operate within and between groups of elements that are initially identified on the basis of proximity. Nevertheless, both common colour and common shape were shown to override grouping by proximity, under certain conditions. These ratings reflected persuasive effects of grouping by proximity and common colour there was only weak evidence for grouping by common shape. Across the displays the proximal and featural relationships between the target and flankers were varied. Subjects were presented with displays comprising a row of seven coloured shapes and were asked to rate the degree to which the central target shape grouped with either the right or the left flanking shapes. Similarity was defined relative to the principles of grouping by common colour and grouping by common shape. The nature of the psychological processes that underlie the Gestalt principles of grouping by proximity and grouping by similarity is examined.
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